The Music Of The 20th Century - 1168 Words

Have you ever partaken in piano or keyboard classes as a child, then this music piece should be nothing new for you. It is one of the most famous but at the same time the most mysterious classical masterpieces of the 18th century. It is â€Å"Fur Elise†; a classical music piece composed by German composer Ludwig van Beethoven. This piece of music was actually published in 1867, 40 years after Beethoven passed away in the year of 1827. When Ludwig Nohl (a german music scholar) published his piece, he uncovered the original manuscript for â€Å"Fur Elise† which was dated April 27th, 1810 (Fuld,241). This means the music piece was actually published 57 years after Beethoven first composed it. Not only has this music piece been used to teach keyboard all around the world but a famous American rapper by the name of Nas also used samples of this piece in his hit single â€Å"I Can†, and Gus Van Sant also used bits and pieces of this composition in his â€Å"Elephantâ €  movie back in 2003. The main reason I chose this music piece is that even though I haven’t played a keyboard for over 2 to 3 years, the one piece of music that I will never forget how to play is â€Å"Fur Elise†, it s the first thing you learn but the most memorable. The connection that I have with this piece is based on solely on the way it sounds, but would knowing the history, and all of its musical features/techniques change the way I react. Will it add value to my musical experience, or will everything just stay the same? That isShow MoreRelatedMusic Is The Greatest Singer Of The 20th Century1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe culture of music is one of the most ever evolving outlets society has, people from all around the world can find common ground between simple beats and rythyms. Music genres are built off of one another to develop new and unique genres, ranging from classical blues to heavy metal bands. In between the years 1960 and 2010 America has had over 13 diverse genres rule ov er musics Hot 100. Numerous talented artists have advanced music to what the world knows it as today. Frank Sinatra is one ofRead More20th Century and Atonal Music Essay examples862 Words   |  4 PagesHumi 16 Professor: Leslie Berry Midterm Bella Lee 1. Between 1900 and 1925, traditional norms were violated or abandoned in art, music, and literature. What factors might have brought about this situation? Offer specific examples to illustrate your general statements (think of Picasso, Matisse, Brancusi, and Mondrian). Pablo Picasso, who was born in Malaga, Spain, changed and created new style of painting while moving from a place to another. He went throng his blue period, in which he usedRead MoreEssay on American Music at the Turn of the 20th Century2103 Words   |  9 PagesTo understand whether an ‘American’ music emerged out of traditions in the turn of the 20th century, we need to focus on the term ‘American’ and what musical genres fall under that category. For one, America, in a cultural sense, is seen as one huge ‘melting pot’, an amalgamation of cultures, ethnic traditions, beliefs and styles of music. It is very difficult to label one genre under the category of American music, as a vast amount of styles, in historical terms, have come about from a mixture ofRead MoreMusic And Painting From 20th Century Western Music History1118 Words   |  5 PagesYaojun Song Mus114 Sam Music and Painting During the study of 20th-century Western music history in this class, I found out there are may same movements of art and music. I took 20th century Art history as well so there is always the comparison of them in my mind. Music and art appear to be two different art forms. Music is both auditory art, but also an art of time and movement. Music express musicians’ feelings through sound, it will create images in the mind of the viewer for them to haveRead MoreEssay about Popular Music of the 20th and 21st Century1118 Words   |  5 PagesPopular Music of the 20th and 21st Century The 20th and the 21st century have brought about some great music. It is better known as popular music and appeals to a much larger variety of people. Some of the styles of music we have enjoyed are the â€Å"Classic† American Music, Early Rock ‘N’ Roll, Pop, Heavy Metal, dance-pop, and rap. Some of the great composers of the â€Å"classic† American music are Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, and Richard Rodgers. Cole Porter was a major songwriter for the Broadway MusicalRead MoreEssay about Music and Its Influence on 20th Century American History1270 Words   |  6 PagesMusic and its Influence on 20th Century American History With the start of the 20th century music began to play a huge part in the rapidly maturing United States. Music of the 20th century was not only there to entertain the people but it was more. It was now used to influence and manipulate the listeners. Artists had a goal to entertain and to enlighten the listener so that they could get their messages heard. Music is one of the best ways to advertise and to expand ideas, and many artists knewRead MoreAre Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music?2642 Words   |  11 Pages    Contextual studies (MU314) Convenor: Tim Howle Essay 1 Denis Smalley has suggested that the two most important musical developments in the 20th Century are the domains of the electro-acoustic and the vernacular. To what extent is his assumption correct? This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the developments in 20th century music, with a detailed view on the path and expansion of electro-acoustic technology and of the vernacular. This will also be highlighting the theoreticalRead MoreMalay Music in Malaysia - a Brief Study of the Changes of the 20th Century2310 Words   |  10 PagesMalay Music in Malaysia: A Brief Study of the Changes in the 20th Century Malays – Tradition, Conflict and Change Done By: Melanie Ng Rachel Chew Word Count: 2094 words Introduction The 20th century saw Malaysia undergoing numerous political, social and economical changes, all of which were reflected in the cultural changes that also took place during this time. In particular, Malay music in Malaysia, due to a myriad of factors and influences, experienced significantRead MoreAre Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music?2634 Words   |  11 Pages      Contextual studies (MU314) Convenor: Tim Howle Essay 1 Denis Smalley has suggested that the two most important musical developments in the 20th Century are the domains of the electro-acoustic and the vernacular. To what extent is his assumption correct? This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the developments in 20th century music, with a detailed view on the path and expansion of electro-acoustic technology and of the vernacular. This will also be highlighting the theoreticalRead MoreMy Point Of View 20th Century1110 Words   |  5 Pagesmy point of view 20th century period is the best and the worst time to represent the western culture. But it’s the best for the most part. Western culture refers to the culture of any country that is a part of the western world. The western country is always democratic has neo-liberal capitalist economy. Has a separation of church and state, and high livings standards with materialistic society? The USA, UK, France are examples of western countries. Western culture is also a music type and lifestyle

The Influence Of Corbusier And India On Corbusier

CORBUSIER AND MODERNISM IN INDIA Exploring the Influence of Corbusier in India and India on Corbusier Post World War II, Indian architecture was already on its way towards modernism and was being shaped by western ideologies. After independence in 1947, the Indian government voted on the reconstruction of Chandigarh which was to be designed as a new idyllic city. Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki were first commissioned to design the city but after Nowicki suddenly died, in 1951 Le Corbusier (on the right) was invited by Jawaharlal Nehru (on the left) to plan the city as â€Å"a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past†. This paved the way for Corbusier’s architecture in India. Although Corbusier was not the first choice to design Chandigarh, his modernist ideologies appealed to Nehru. Nehru wanted Chandigarh to be a clean slate severing economic backwardness and colonial suppression. Corbusier had proposed ideas for many cities, like Paris, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janiero, and Algiers. However, except for Chandigarh none had been realized. â€Å"The city of today is a dying thing because it is not geometrical. To build in the open would be to replace our present haphazard arrangements,† Corbusier wrote in his book The City of To-morrow and Its Planning. The idea of actually planning a city is unique for India. The picture above is a sketch by Corbusier showing the plan for Chandigarh on the left against the one of Delhi on the right.Show MoreRelatedLe Corbusier : The Modern Architecture1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe report includes the introduction of Le Corbusier(October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), He is a French architect, designers, artists, writers, and one of the pioneers of now known as the modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland, and become a citizen of France in 1930. Career for five years, his buildings constructed in Europe, India and the United States.when he was young he love art so much,became older he went to paris learn architecture, but he had some disease,he had to choose anotherRead MoreThe World Of Architecture And Design1523 Words   |  7 Pagesof Architectural Manifestos, n.d) Le Corbusier believed architecture, sculpture and painting are dependent on space, as he discussed in his manifesto â₠¬ËœIneffable Space’ in 1948. (Gargiani Roberto, Rosellini Anna 2011) Louis Kahn, on the other hand, had a different view. In 1965-69 in his writing of ‘Architecture is the thoughtful making of spaces’ Kahn suggests that meaningful form characterises space. (A selection of Architectural Manifestos n.d) Le Corbusier, one of the pioneers for modern architectureRead MoreBiography Of Charles Edouard Jeanneret, The French Architect, Designer And Writer1748 Words   |  7 Pages Le Corbusier Student: Siena Geddes, 7693990 Class: 20th Century Design Lecturer: Manfred Huber Date: 1st September 2014 Word Count: 1921â€Æ' Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, better known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner and writer, active predominately in France, during the first half of the 20th century. Today, he is widely regarded to have been the most immensely influential architect, in terms of town planning and the architectural surroundingsRead MoreArchitecture: Critical Regionalism2103 Words   |  9 PagesLefaivre and, with a somewhat different meaning, by Kenneth Frampton. Critical regionalism could be considered as a particular kind of post-modern response. This response developed as a result of the failure of Post-modernism, together with the influence of Globalization and the spread of Western culture. Critical Regionalism could also be seen as the best solution to cultural issues and the problems of architectural identity. Frampton’s argument is that critical regionalism should not only answerRead MoreLe Corbusier ( The Contemporary City / Radiant Ci ty2294 Words   |  10 PagesLe Corbusier (The Contemporary City/Radiant City): Not all urban planning theories see a natural environment as the ideal urban space. In fact, some planners believed that in order to create a social environment, a city must be built at a very high density, and buildings would be connected by concrete plazas. Le Corbusier was a famous Swiss architect and urban planner who believed that higher density meant shorter distances to work and shopping, and this would be done by constructing a verticalRead More Le Corbusier Essay2772 Words   |  12 PagesLe Corbusier Charles-Edouard Jeanneret is an internationally known influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with a bold, sculptural expressionism. He belonged to the first generation of the so-called International school of architecture and was their most able propagandist in his numerous writings. In his architecture he joined the functionalist aspirations of his generation with a strong sense of expressionism. He was the firstRead MoreThe First World War And The Reconstruction Of Britain2496 Words   |  10 Pagesreaction by the younger generation to the ‘lightness’ of 1940’s architecture. Brutalism represents an aesthetic that is rational, stripped of ornamentation and predominantly utalised unfinished concrete or rough stone. Initiated originally by Le Corbusier whose architecture was the â€Å"brutal reaction to the machine mass-produced Miesian building types† born in the post-World War II era (S lobodan 1969. P.171-173). Brutalism gained its momentum post World War II as Britain slowly began to rebuild itselfRead MoreSabarmati Ashram1471 Words   |  6 PagesSabarmati Ashram is located in the Ahmedabad at the bank of River Sabarmati. This was one of the residences of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. This ashram is now a national monument established by the Government of India due to its significance for the Indian independence movement in the form of the Dandi March in 1930. The ashram was originally established at the Kocharab Bungalow of Jivanlal Desai on 25 May 1915. The Ashram was then shifted on 17 June 1917 to a piece of open land on the banks of theRead MoreBiomimicy: The Design of Life Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Houses are machines for living in,† as Le Corbusier once said. One could say that a building is one of the largest and most used machine in existence today. So why is it that this particular type of machine is so inefficient? A new precedent for design inspiration is needed to mitigate the impact that buildings have on the environment. A machine can be defined as a device that uses energy to perform an activity. Nature, which uses solar energy, can therefore be said to be the most sustainableRead MoreTown Planning of Ancient Romans2420 Words   |  10 Pagesoccasionally stepped and bridged around the city. †¢ Generally rectangular walled city entered by several gates, showing complete town organization. †¢ From the religious significance of the Temples by the Greeks there was a change to the civic influence of Law Courts Basilica which became more important than the public buildings. †¢ Forum Area usually located centre of the town formed by the intersection of the Decamanus and the Cardo being the administrative, commercial and religious center

Management for Resources and Responsibility - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theManagementfor Natural Resources and Social Responsibility. Answer: Despite aiming for vastly different goals, the approaches to management used in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations are largely similar. Management of an organization refers to the process of dealing with, controlling and analyzing the activities of the business. The management process controls and initiates all the activities related to the business such as managing human resource, natural resources, social responsibility etc. A non for profit organization refers to the organization which has been formed by a group of people with a purpose to initiate activities of the business but with non-profit goals. The activities of such organization are done with an aim to provide benefits to the community without gaining any personal benefit from it. Whereas a corporate refers to the organization formed to carry the business activities in the market with an aim to generate profits from the business (Armstrong, Taylor, 2014). The essay further explains about different management theories which are used by organizations (both not for profit and corporate) to manage their business activities. Also it states that change in goals of the organization does not mean that the managerial theories shall also differ. It shall be noted that whether it is a not for profit or profit making organization, the activities conducted in the management are same. Although there is difference in the taxation rates and government jurisdiction but the management practices of nonprofit is same as other corporates. The organizational structure may be slightly different but the major mandatory activities are to be followed by both types of organization like balancing the books, contribution of stakeholders in the business operations, mission and objectives of the management etc. (Conaty, 2012). Certain management theories are to assist the management activities of an organization. Further the non for profit organizations also accepts such models and theories with slight change. Further some of the theories which apply to all types of organization are as follows: Contingency theory of management: it refers to the organizational theory which helps the company to lead and strategic decisions for the better handling of the management. The theory suggests the manager to apply the right leadership decision on the adequate situation in the organization. Further the approach gives an idea in a nutshell that, all organizations shall be flexible to adapt changes in the environment also they shall take corrective measures in response to the change in the market of the company (Benevene, Cortini, 2010). The three dimensions reviewed under this theory are: Leader-member relationship- leader shall generally accept and consider the suggestion of the employees; also the decision of leader shall also be followed by subordinates. Degree of task structure: the structure of the task shall be well organized resulting degree in this dimension. Leaders position power: it refers to the powers and authority of leaders position in the market (Novak, 2010). (Organizational structure of NPO) The aforementioned is a structure of a NGO which is similar to any other profit making firm. In a not for profit organization the contingency strategy works well to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. Every organization will work efficiently only when there is a formal organizational structure. The NPOs also require a formal organizational structure to manage their business activities. The goals of a profit making corporate might differ from that of a NPO but the activities initiated to achieve the goals are same (Lewis, 2017). Like, the origin foundation NGO, initiates to provide maximum satisfaction to the stakeholders of the company with their activities. So the foundation also applies the same management theory to attain success like any other organization applies to achieve success (Ditlev?Simonsen, Midttun, 2011). This theory gives a specific view of the structure of the organization along with the distribution of power and authorities for instance in case of Robin Hood Foundations a definite management system of the company formed due to strong organizational approach. So in case of a corporate it is important that the employees shall agree with the terms of their leader and the leader shall also initiate to provide better level of satisfaction to the employee. Similarly, the contingency theory is used in the NPOs to maintain decorum and provide a better organizational structure to the mangers. Thus, it can be said that the goal of the organizations are different but the approach through which the goal is to be achieved is same (Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger, Collins, 2012). System theory of management: management of an organization includes activities like procurement of raw material, management of human resource, maintain organizational structure, and initiate to attain mission ad vision of organization. The system theory explains that the system of the organization is the most important factor which affects the growth of the organization. The formation of the system is the key factor through which positive change is adapted in the organization. The system of the organization is interdependent with different parts of the organization. Change in one part of the organization affects the whole system of the organization, thus the system shall be formed and controlled inn such way that in case of fluctuations the organizations core values are no disturbed (Jos Cobo, 2017). The theory also suggests a set of dynamic principles long with tools which shall be followed in order to maintain jurisdiction in the organizational culture. In order to attain success the mechanism shall be designed in such a way that it aims to fulfill the values of the organization like in the case of Melinda Gates Foundation the system theory is applied in the management process. Discussing the case of a not for profit organization, such organization also have their different set of standards and goals which are made and amended to comply the objectives. The system theory helps the company to manage the activity in such a way that it provides guidelines to the company which they shall follow and achieve their desired goals (Daft, 2012). The system theory explains that organizations working are closed interconnected with each other, any change in the external factors of the market affect the internal system of the organization as well. Thus, the theory suggest that the business system shall be formal along aligned with well specified goals. Companies like Toyota and ford also used the same system management theory which other foundations used which states that there is no difference in the management of corporations. Formal system of management in the business tends to have higher degree of positive aspects to achieve success. However, all types of organizations require a systematic flow of information and power in the organizations (Armstrong, Taylor, 2014). The theory helps the organization to form a system concerning the attributes of the organization like in sunflower foundation; the management of the foundation is efficient due to formal and systematic flow of work and knowledge. the fact shall be considered that both not for profit an profit making organization require a proper flow of work in the organization, and to maintain peace in the organization and remove hindrance, the company need a proper system for the organization which shall be complied by all. Thus, this process assists all types of organization to manage their business activities (Australian Government, 2017). Concluding the above statements it shall be concluded that in order to initiate proper flow of organizational culture in the management, the companies need to initiate the management theories in its workings. Also it shall be noted that if the goals and standards of an organization are different then the company shall note apply different management theories; instead, management processes of all organizations are same, but the procedures change depending upon the goal of the organization. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Australian Government, (2017). List of Australian accredited non-government organisations (NGOs)., Viewed on August 25, 2017 from https://dfat.gov.au/aid/who-we-work-with/ngos/Pages/list-of-australian-accredited-non-government-organisations.aspx Benevene, P., Cortini, M. (2010). Interaction between structural capital and human capital in Italian NPOs: Leadership, organizational culture and human resource management. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(2), 123-139. Conaty, F. J. (2012). Performance management challenges in hybrid NPO/public sector settings: an Irish case. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 61(3), 290-309. Daft, R. (2012). Organization theory and design. Nelson Education. Ditlev?Simonsen, C. D., Midttun, A. (2011). What motivates managers to pursue corporate responsibility? A survey among key stakeholders. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 18(1), 25-38. Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., Collins, J. (2012). Global positioning system: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Jos R., Cobo, B., (2017). Management procedures for development NGO that work with headquarters in developing countries. Viewed on August 25, 2017 from https://oa.upm.es/1243/1/PONENCIA_JOSE_RAMON_COBO_BENITA_2008.pdf Lewis, D. (2017). The management of non-governmental development organizations. Viewed on August 25, 2017 from https://konsillsm.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Management_of_non_governmental_development_organizations__an_introduction__.pdf Novak, J. D. (2010). Learning, creating, and using knowledge: Concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations. Routledge. Rice, A. L. (Ed.). (2013). The enterprise and its environment: A system theory of management organization (Vol. 10). Routledge. Smith, W. K., Lewis, M. W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. Academy of management Review, 36(2), 381-403. Vantilborgh, T., Bidee, J., Pepermans, R., Willems, J., Huybrechts, G., Jegers, M. (2011). A new deal for NPO governance and management: Implications for volunteers using psychological contract theory. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 22(4), 639.

Tips for Cx Cabin Crew Interview Essay Example

Tips for Cx Cabin Crew Interview Essay Tips for CX Cabin Crew Interview Ive just got the contract call from CX and now would like to share the experience to you all in order to help everyone go smoothly through for the interview procedures. Probably some of you have already known the procedures quite well, the following is the summary of the whole recruitment procedures with detailed and tips, to tell you how to win an offer with CX. Are you ready? Lets go! ONLINE APPLICATION CX doesnt accept any submittion method EXCEPT online application. Just simply click on the CXs Web page and complete the application form online, the job agency will guiding you finish the whole form. After the submittion, usually you will receive their invitation call within 7-14 days. FIRST INTERVIEW Part I The interview will take place in the Cathay City. The recruitment staff will take you to the 4/F in the North Tower. There will be a short introduction about CX, and the recruitment staff will helping all candidates for the registration. Afterwards, there will be a arm test, you can stand with your tiptoe to reach 208 cm. Your shoes will be surely removed while you are taking the arm test. It is strongly recommend that to get a bit more training with your spoken English. We will write a custom essay sample on Tips for Cx Cabin Crew Interview specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tips for Cx Cabin Crew Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tips for Cx Cabin Crew Interview specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You dont have to be 100% flurent as a forigener, but at least your spoken English should be understandable and to let someone feel that you can express yourself clearly. Part II The interviewer will invite a group of maximum 9 people to take part in the group interview. You will be assigned a number. You can have 2 minutes to introduce yourself, try to keep your introduction concise and clean, and tell everyone your SELLING POINT, such as your educational background, why you want to be a FA (My answer is because I like the non routine style of this job), or how capable that you can handle this position. The group interview will be last for 10 minutes, you will get a case of a topic. My topic was using all the restricted elements to discuss what comes the most important aspect for team spirit. Choose 3 elements out of 8 (there was a element printed at the bottom part of your test paper, and you have to sell your point to your group mates, try to convince them to use your point as one of the top three elements) TIPS: You CANNOT come up with your own idea, all candidates should be reminded that to use the element stated on the paper. When you discuss, you should always remain clamly. Tell everyone what your points are and how do you think your elemet will be the most important one. Trying to help each other and compromising to your groupmates if necessary. Remember, the aims of this interview is to test how good are you at as a team member. Always show your decency and helpful personality to the interviewer. Afterwards you will receive a YELLOW CARD, if your yellow card stated the final interview appointment day, congratulations! You are IN! Otherwise, CX will be welcoming you after six months of your application. FINAL INTERVIEW People are struggling what should do in the final interview. Once again, your English level is really important because the whole interview will be conducted in English, if you are good at spoken English, then you can express yourself a bit more easier then the others. STAY CALM at all times and please hang your FRIENDLY SMILE on. Some interviewers may be very challenging, but it doesnt mean a bad thing. I was having interview by Ms. J and she is so called a killer. Well, I thought she was, because she challenged me three times in the interview. But I answered all her questions calmly with professional manner, she didnt seem to be pleased for my answer, and I was preparing I would be fail in this occasion. But finally I come up with an idea, the interviewer challenge you just simply because she/he is interested to know more about your reaction and see whether you can cope with the emergency situation. Five summerising tips: SMILE, FRIENDLY, CALM, DECENT, and PROFESSIONAL. Of course you need to tell the interviewer HOW CAPABLE you are to be a FA BODY CHECK AND MANDARIN TEST CALL Okay okay, here we come the final step. Wait for the Body Check and Mandarin Test. I know you are extremely nervous with your result, right? Dan Dan you know what? If the interviewer is highly appreciate with your performance at the final interview, they will give you the contract in the same day. (It depends on what time you have doen your final in, if it is already 5pm, just simply wait for 2 days). If you cant hear from CX within five working days, most likely you have to reapply after six months. (Or I dont know maybe there are some exceptional cases, but what I have heard and I have seen is, most of the successul candidates could receive the BC;MA call shortly) BC ; MA Body Check is a time wasting activity. I remember that I arrived at 10. 00 and I finish it just right before the MA at 12. 30. BC is normal, you have to go through the X-Ray and certainly you need to give them your fresh urine for the medical checking. Then the nurse will guide you to the room and do the eye test, remember to bring along a suitable opticals with you in order to do the eye test, they will test your pair of eyes seperately. Bloody pressure, height checking, colour blind test and hearing test will be involved in the procedures as well. TIPS: The nurse is really unfriendly and she will scold at you if you did something wrong. Afterwards you will need to see the docotor, remember you need to be nude and the doctor will do some physical tests with you. For male applicants, please be prepared your most private organ will also be test by the doctor. MA MA is not as difficult as you think. But I bet you really have to be prepared. (1) The first part will be the listening test, 10 questions and they are quite simple, nothing to worry about. (2) You have to record your sound. This is quite an important part. Three questions. One minute to introduce yourself -One minute to tell us your hobbies -One minute to tell us which destination of CX network you like the most. -THREE minutes to tell us your most memoriable work experience (3) Translation There are 20 vocabs and you need to translate them into Mandarin, your answers will be recorded. Here are some words that I remember: Inflamation, Footrest, Diamond, Catch up etc. (4) Reading To read a passage, some terms like , , , †¦ (5) Reading with , †¦ CONTRACT CALL Most likely you will recive a contract call in 8-10 days. Some people have to submit support documentation to prove that they are physically fit for the job (I am the one who have to pay $1700 for the additional body check, bloody hell), if you need to submit further report, it will take longer time, most likely 12-13 days. If you cannot hear anything from them after 14 days or more, please CALL AND ASK THEM. ** If you have Type B Hepatits ( ) Jsut simply forget to apply the postion of Flight Attendant, because you will NOT BE ACCEPTED. Finally, GOOD LUCK TO YOU ALL and hope can see you guys onboard.

Sales forecast Essay Example

Sales forecast Essay Example Sales forecast Essay Sales forecast Essay When deciding on our sales forecast for our car valeting business and car sales business we have based the figures on the previous two years business also keeping in mind that we are growing rapidly.In the following forecast you will see a considerable drop in business during month four. This we have identified is due to people going away from London for Easter holidays as well as it tend to be a rainy season. However there is a significant increase in month five this is mainly because the new number plates come out in this month, and thus car sales boom. People with new cars pay more attention to keeping their car looking good initially hence a increase in business during this month. By the month six this tends to come back to normal business.Our sales forecast for car valeting products is based on research on how much valeting product is sold through retail stores. Another factor considered in the promise by BP to buy our product at certain quantities over the first year. We have a lso used sales figures from luxury car valeters such as Jaguar to come up with our final sales figures.Our commission per car sold will remain at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500.Our valeting service charge is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70 per carEach package consisting of valeting products will be sold at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40Month-1Car valeting;15 cars per week day = 75 per week20 cars per weekend day = 40 per weekTotal 115 cars per week à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½32 20010 cars sold during month à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15 000Valeting products;Sales to BP 250 unitsSales to other car valeting services 125 unitsSales through outlets and other sources 75Total sold 450 units à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½18 000Total sales revenue for month 1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65 200Month -2We have calculated that sales revenue from car valeting and sales will remain as same as month one during this monthValeting productSales to BP 500 unitsSales to other car valeting services 150 unitsSales through other outlets and other sources 90 unitsTotal units sold 740 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 29 600Total sales revenue for month 2 = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76 800Month 3Car valeting;18 cars per week day = 9020 per weekend day = 40Total cars valeted = 130 per weekTotal sales revenue for valeting = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 36 400Cars sold during this month= 15Total revenue from car sales = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 22500Valeting products;Sales to BP = 750 unitsCar valeters =180 unitsSales through other out lets and other sources = 108 unitsTotal units sold during this month= 1038Total revenue for valeting products = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½41 520Total sales revenue for month 3=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 420Month 4Car valeting;15 cars per week day= 7525 cars per weekend day= 50Total cars valeted per week = 125Sales revenue of car valeting for the month=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 000Cars sold = 17Sales revenue of car sales = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25 500Valeting productsSales to BP= 750 unitsSales to car valeters= 216 unitsSales through other out lets and sources= 130 unitsTotal sales for the month= 1096 unitsTotal sales revenue from product sales for the month=à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 43 824Total revenue for the month 4 =à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½104 324Month 5Car valeting;20 per week day= 10025 per weekend day= 50Cars valeted per week= 150Total revenue from car valeting = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½42 000Cars sold= 5Sales revenue from car sales =à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 7500Valeting products;During this month we are projecting the business on product sales to remain as same as month 4Total sales revenue for month 5 -à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½93 324Month 6Car valeting;15 cars valeted per week day= 7525 cars valeted per weekend day= 50Total cars valeted per week = 125Sales revenue from car valeting for the month =à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 000Cars sold = 8Revenue from car sales = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12000Valeting products;Units sold to BP=750Units sold to car valeters= 259Units sold through other outlets and sources=156Total units sold for the month = 1165Sales revenue for valeting products= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½46 589Sales revenue for the month= à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½93 589

Eponymous Revisited

Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is it with eponymous? I never understand its use. Eponymous is the adjective form of the noun eponym. It derives from the Greek combination epi (upon) + onyma (name). eponym noun: one who gives, or is supposed to give, his name to a people, place, or institution. The earliest application of eponymous was in the context of the names of countries, tribes, and nations. For example: Brutus, or  Brute of Troy, is a legendary descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, known in medieval British legend as the eponymous founder and first king of Britain.   Consider the case of  Pelops, the  eponymous  hero of the  Peloponnese. First, at this stage Jacob is not yet  the eponymous hero of  a united Israel, but only of the Northern Kingdom. [Jacob was given the name Israel when he wrestled the angel.]    In current usage, the phrase â€Å"eponymous hero† usually applies to the character for which a literary work is named. For example: Hot-Blooded Paolo is  the eponymous hero of  the novel Paolo  il Caldo (1964) by Vitaliano Brancati. On the universality of the westerner, exemplified by  the eponymous hero of  George Stevens’s Shane (1953), see Warshow, 150-151. The eponymous hero of  Goncharovs Oblomov (1858), who is unable to motivate himself to leave his bed, is the epitome of the passive hero.   American actress Betty Bronson starred as  the eponymous hero of  the film Peter Pan (1924). Eponymous can apply to anything that takes its name from a person. For example: Tesla  invented his  eponymous  coil in 1891.   Website of New York City designer Nancy Rose and her  eponymous designer sportswear. As for  John Birch, well never know what he would have thought of his  eponymous society. Note: I found several examples of the misspelling epynonymous. Related posts: The Eponymy Family 30 Words Inspired by 29 People and An Elephant Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowThat vs. Which10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business report - Essay Example Amazingly, even if the processing industries die out, packaging will not follow the same suit because there are products which need packaging in their raw state. This aspect sets a clear detachment of packaging from the manufacturing. Manufacturing only accentuates the packaging industry operations. Packaging is itself a wide and complex industry. It takes different forms. This is because products to be packaged are different. For this reason, you find that the industry is as diverse as the products to be packaged. Liquids cannot be packaged the same way solids like biscuits are packaged. The magnitude of the product to be packaged is also considered when it comes to packaging. As the cost of packaging trickles down to the cost of producing the entire product, then size is a key feature which if ignored it would result to unknown costing mistakes. This report presents a detailed business report on a plastic bottle manufacture. Bottling is a giant industry. Basically, many liquid proc essors have often opted for bottling to package their output. The convenience which comes with bottling lacks an equivalent. Plastic bottling is accommodative to many forms of liquids and hence many manufacturers result to it. Any investor who wants to invest in the most dynamic industry then needs to embrace plastic bottle packaging industry. It is a sector where the rate of return is high and risks involved are minimal. Actually it is the only industry which violates the principles of investment of the higher the risk the higher the profit. The report analyses possibility of entrance into the market. It gives details of the market analysis and its interpretations. All costs involved have been analyzed. These costs include the Fixed and variable costs. Budgeting is a key element in the financial management of any organization and this report includes a budgetary estimate which comes with production of these plastic bottles. The stocking aspects have been taken into account also to ensure that the best policy is adopted in the implementation of plastic bottles production. Production of these bottles call for technical inputs. This report presents a link between the manufacturing principles and how the actual production is carried out. Some of the aspects captured in this report are the jobbing, designs and how quality and continuous improvement are sustained. In addition, there is some focus in to the way models are produced and justified for use in the final product production. It is a report which upon the implementation of the recommendations suggested bottling will be turned into a multibillion making industry. Bottling is added value by inclusion of the modern technology in the production. The world is going green and the bottling industry has to follow the suit. For this course, the production will concentrate on production of biodegradable plastic. This implies that there has to be specialties in the making of the bottles and it is these specialties tha t are making these bottles unique from what has been there previously in the market. Market Analysis for the

'The reader does not have to be a deconstructionist to see that the Literature review

'The reader does not have to be a deconstructionist to see that the Victorian text is often divided against itself, proclaimin - Literature review Example When looking at â€Å"Jane Eyre† and â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† it can be seen that there are specific concepts related to the text that show socio – political undertones of the time. Jeckyll and Hyde and Victorian Literature The different socio – political context which was seen in Victorian literature is defined by the undertone of the main issues of Victorian society. A representative of this is â€Å"Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde.† This specific book is not only noted as one in which there are specific innovations which allow the main character to turn from one personality to another. The undertones which are a part of this create a sense of imagination in specific reference to the political, economic and social status of those within society. The book works as a main reference to the components which are occurring in society through the actions the main character takes. The character, plot line and the outcome all work as a metaphor of what is occurring within the society at the time as well as how this is associated with the concepts and philosophies of the socially elite class. The book turns into one which is based on the intellectual ideologies of the elite class and references the opposition to the several changes occurring within society (Cherry, 195). There are several moments when this book shows the main reference to changes occurring in society. The first metaphor is with the character of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, specifically as technology is the main key to turning the main character from one to the other. The personality of the character changes into one which is considered a part of the community while the other is considered monstrous. The character notes this difference, specifically by his own understanding of his alternative character. For instance, when speaking to a girl, he changes his character instantly. â€Å"He had in his hand a heavy cane, with which he was trifling; but he answered never a word, and seemed to listen with an ill – contained impatience. And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on like a madman† (Stevenson, 33). This specific reference shows the dichotomy of the time, specifically with he changes in character from the lack of control which was a part of the changes. The alteration into Mr. Hyde is one which is expressive of the inability to control the machinery and manmade materials of the time which were being revered at the time, while turning men in society which were considered evenly tempered into mad men. The question which arises is based on what the machinery, industry and the changes in society would lead men to do, both with their own personalities and when having the interference of machinery. Not only are there references to the technology and movement into industrialization. There is also a division between romanticism and realism which takes place th roughout the book. The concept of romanticism comes from the possibilities which can take place with the use of technology and the innovations which may occur. The realism is based on the components based on the unknowing and the outcomes which may occur, as well as how this will create divisions in society. At the end of the book, this

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay Example for Free

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay My room is my favorite place. The floor of my room is a golden brown carpet. A beige rug covers a small portion of the floor next to my bed. In an array of gloss and semi-gloss, shades of off-white cover these four walls. Entire sections are hidden by nearly a dozen posters of comic book characters, girls, or athletes. Along the top section of my wall I have my eight-teen hats. My room is about 10 feet by 10 feet so it is not too big or too small. I have a big window that is six and a half foot horizontally three feet vertically. When my window is looked out of one may view the front yard. I like having the window in the front a lot for two reasons one was so that when my friends come over kind of late they could knock on my window instead of ringing my door bell that way when they came if my dad was asleep they would not wake him up, he did not mind if they came over late just as long as his sleep was not disturbed. The other reason is that when my father comes home I am able to hear him so that way instead of coming home to find me watching television or talking on the telephone, which I was normally doing, he would come home to find me doing something constructive like reading a book or doing some homework which is the reason why I have my bed right by my window. Next to my bed is the same alarm clock I have had since the sixth grade. It was a Christmas present from my little brother. It is an Emerson alarm clock with a cassette and compact disk player. On the other side of the room are three things which were very important to me, my tv, my stereo and my bathroom. Every time I enter my room a feeling of lightheartedness comes over me. From the second I touch then twist that smooth brass doorknob to enter my room the negativity I face day to day is forgotten. In the winter my room is warm and cozy and in the summer my room is cool and comfortable. It is difficult for me to not want to lie in my bed upon entering my room when I know there is work to be done, from time to time I will lay down for five minutes or so then get to work. The feeling of my soft pillows against my head after a long day is one of the pleasures I am seldom robbed of when there is no work to be done. When I come to my room and there is no work that needs to be done I indulge in the comfort my room provides.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and His Leadership Essay -- American History

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and His Leadership On a rainy day in March 1933, a country watched eagerly as Franklin Delano Roosevelt swore in as the thirty-second president of the United States. At this time, the United States was hurting badly from a depression, soon called the Great Depression, and yearning out for a new leader who would help them. Roosevelt, also known as FDR, proved to the country that he was the right guy for the job with some of the most famous words ever said; "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" (Franklin). Everyone in the U.S. stood behind Roosevelt through the Great Depression and even through World War II and until his death. Roosevelt proved to the nation that he was a courageous and brave leader that would help the country out, no matter what the consequence, even his own death. The rise of this great leader was not an easy one, despite being born into a wealthy family. Born on January 30th, 1882, FDR was the only child in his family, so his parents gave him tons of attention, making FDR's childhood very happy (Grapes 13). FDR was tutored through his early education from private tutors and even his parents, who traveled quit a bit. When Roosevelt was fourteen, his mother and father sent him to a boarding school for the wealthy called Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts (Schuman 16). After attending boarding school, Roosevelt went to Harvard where he became active in many school activities and charities, even becoming editor-in-chief of Crimson, Harvard's school newspaper (Grapes 14). After graduating from Harvard, FDR went on to hold many important political offices, including state senator of New York, assistant secretary of the Navy, governor of New York, and finally be... ...eassuring them, making them feel secure with his chats. Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the greatest leaders the U.S. has ever had as the President because of the way he fulfilled everyone's universal needs. FDR had a sensitive leadership style which helped him talk with the people and let them know what was going on with the country, making them feel secure and giving them the clarity and certainty of the future. When the nation was attacked and chaos broke out, FDR was there with his courage and determination to not let anything hurt the U.S., fulfilling the need for authority. Roosevelt also united the nation through tough times with his weekly chats and his powerful speeches. Through it all, FDR is my favorite leader in the history of the U.S. because he overcame the impossible and comforted a nation through some of the toughest events in our history.

Kohler Terminal Value

Both approaches (used to come up with the value of the Kohler Company) are greatly impacted by the assumptions made by both the company and the dissenting shareholders. The use of the Market approach has shown that the value of the company varies greatly depending on the comparable companies. If Masco (which is the largest comparable company) is included, the value goes to nearly $3.7 B and excluding it causes the value to go down to $1.2 B. Moreover, depending of the discount for lack of liquidity and control, the value of the company could decrease considerably. Then, in the market approach there are two variables that affect the value of the company; comparable peers and the discount for lack of liquidity and control. In the Free Cash Flow (FCF) approach, the two variables that makes the value diverge is the Beta and the discount (liquidity and control) used. In this specific scenario the Beta impacts the WACC considerably due to the high weight of the cost of equity. For example, a difference of 4 points in the WACC raises the value of the company more than 150% [Table 7]. It is interesting to see that in order to arrive at Kohler’s initial valuation of $58K per share; a 65% discount is needed in both valuation approaches. Also, Masco’s exclusion is required under the Market approach while the high Beta is required under the FCC approach. The factor created by the division of standard deviations of industry peers and the deviations from different markets increases or decreases Beta considerably. (More details about this factor are discussed later in the paper.) Conversely, according to the dissenting shareholders, in order to arrive at $273K per share a 0 % discount and the inclusion of Masco and low Beta is needed. In the settlement, Kohler may use two simple methods to resolve the claim. The first would be a Weight Adjusted Value method, which consists of taking the weighted average of the proposed settlement values times the confidence level. The second method is to calculate the book value of the company using the formula (Assets- Liabilities)/ # of shares (Intangibles are not excluded). The results of these two methods indicate that The Kohler Company should be indifferent between going to trial and settling for $120K per share. Finally, the suggested settlement price should be adjusted to reflect the possibility of an increased tax liability Kohler may have with the IRS. Using a weighted average, the new settlement price is around $150K per share. Company Overview Kohler is a recognized international manufacturer of plumbing products, home furnishings, generators and engines. It also owns and operates hospitality and real estate Businesses. Kohler has been a private company, predominantly owned by the Kohler family since its founding in 1887. Market Approach Because Kohler is privately held the market value needs to be ascertained by the implied value determined by using a multiples approach based on the trading value of Kohler’s comparable industry peers. Table 1 shows the relevant multiples for Kohler’s peer group. Depending on what multiples are used to value Kohler the estimation varies considerably. Table 2 demonstrates the range of these values. If Masco, with it’s generally high multiples, is excluded from the analysis the valuation would be roughly $1.2B. On the other extreme if Kohler’s value is based on Masco’s benchmark, the value leaps to nearly $3.7B. A strict average of the peer group would yield a value of $1.6B. Our best guess of value is closer to $2B based on the peer average being averaged with Masco’s profitability multiples as we feel that the fundamentals of Kohler and Masco are closely matched. These estimates do not include any discounts for the lack of liquidity or control that the shares are characterized by. Table 3 shows the value per share given a $2B market value and various discounts applied. Â   Based on the market multiples approach it appears that Kohler takes a much more conservative approach to not only valuation but to the discounts that should be applied to the stock given his relative illiquidity and lack of controlling stake in the enterprise. From their prospective the value is the historically modest dividend and the long range growth of the business. Given their approximation of a share price of $54,000 that would suggest they excluded Masco as an outlier if they used a multiples approach and they used a discount of nearly 65% on the value of the shares to address their limitations noted previously. This would yield a value of roughly $58,000 per share. The dissenting Kohler shareholders, many of whom acquired shares for north of $100,000 each, have a vested interest in a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be talking one of two approaches in arriving to their $273,000 value per share. The first is that they could also assume a market value of roughly $2B for Kohler, and not acknowledge any need to discount the shares. This would yield an estimate of $274,100 per share. The other approach could be that this estimate was derived from the multiples values using Masco as a fellow industry leader with higher margin products and strong differentiation and acknowledging the need to discount the share value for lack of liquidity and control. Based on the Masco benchmark and a 25% discount the value would be roughly $279,000 per share. Free Cash Flow Approach Kohler’s Free Cash Flow (FCF) model is developed using the Non-Cash Working Capital Approach, a correlated Beta and an EBITA that excludes both interest income and expense. The Non-Cash Working Capital is used because of the consistency each year in Kohler’s forecasted working capital. [Table 4] Secondly, in order to make the FCF model more accurate, a correlation between the company financials and its main competitors is used. Table 5 displays this correlation. The correlation is then multiplied by a factor which is defined by the division of the standard deviation of Kohler’s competitor and the standard deviation of the market (US Equity Market). Lastly, an average of each of these factors is performed and the Kohler’s Beta is found. [Table 5] The Beta in this case significantly affects the Weight Average Cost of Capital (WACC) since the weight of Kohler’s cost of equity is about 82% and the remaining 18 % tied to the cost of debt [Table 6]. The calculated WACC using this beta is 14.19%. If Beta is calculated using a different standard deviation, other than the US Equity Market, the results will vary drastically. For example, using a standard deviation of a highly correlated distribution of stocks that includes 3 kitchen & bath companies and 3 engine & generator companies, the Beta will decrease from 2.67 to 1.52. Then, the new WACC would be 10.40%[Table 5]. Just this difference in Beta would make the per share value of the stock go from $164K to $251K with 0 discount (due to the lack of control and liquidity), and from $ 57K to $ 88K with 65 % discount [Table 7]. Kohler is most likely using a relatively high WACC and high discount to come up with a $58K value per share. As it is shown in Table 8, using a WACC of 14.19% and a discount of 65% for liquidity and control of the stock arrives at $57K per share. On the other hand, the dissenting Kohler shareholders have probably used a much more generous approach to the value of Kohler’s shares. It appears they could be using a WACC close to 10% and not discount (liquidity and/or control) or a WACC of 8% and 30% discount to arrive at their $273,000 value per share.

Emily Martin: The Egg and the Sperm Essay

It is human nature to place confidence into science because it is heavily researched and perceived as the truth. However, Emily Martin shows that the female role in the reproductive process is not thoroughly depicted. Martin said, â€Å"part of my goal in writing this article is to shine a bright light on the gender stereotypes hidden within the scientific language of biology. † This article demonstrates how the female role in the reproductive cycle is just as insistent, if not more, as the male’s role. Emily Martin proposes that science defines women as having a non-active and less significant role in the reproductive process. The role in which women play in the cycle of life is depicted through science as far more passive function than that of the male. The egg is seen as passive. It does not move and is transported along the fallopian tube. In contrast, sperm are seen as active. They deliver their genes to the egg and development starts. Martin quotes Gerald Schatten and Helen Schatten in that the egg acts as a Sleeping Beauty, â€Å"a dormant bride awaiting her mate’s magic kiss, which instills spirit that brings her to life†, while the sperm is on a â€Å"mission† to â€Å"move through the female genital tract in quest of the ovum. However, through recent research, scientist concluded that the egg performs several functions and is quite active itself in the reproductive process. Before this research it was thought that sperm were powerful penetrators capable of thrusting itself through the inner vestments of the egg. After much research, scientists in biophysics labs at Johns Hopkins University determined that the propelling force of the sperm is very weak, and that only through the adhesive molecules on the egg and sperm do the two stick. The zona acts as a â€Å"sperm catcher† and has to â€Å"capture and tether† the sperm before it can penetrate. But the most active and interesting roll the egg plays is that it â€Å"serves as a sophisticated biological security system that screens incoming sperm, selects only those compatible with fertilization and development, prepares sperm for fusion with the egg and later protects the resulting embryo from polyspermy. † Here the egg plays three vital roles in the developmental process of the embryo. It chooses which sperm is well-suited, sets up the fertilization process, and protects the sperm through the whole process. The author was effective in providing textual examples of the scientific language that wrongly represents the female role in the reproductive cycle. She quotes medical textbooks as referring to the menstrual cycle as â€Å"†debris† of the uterine lining, the result of necrosis, or death of tissue. † Martin goes on to counter this quote with an example of the positive language used to describe the sperm in saying, â€Å"Whereas the female sheds only a single gamete each month, the seminiferous tubules produce hundreds of millions of sperm each day. Both quotes provide strong examples of the scientific language used. Quoting such language not only provides the audience with examples to better prove her point, but that because this information is coming from a medical textbook provides the reader with confidence in the cited source. One way in which this scientific discrepancy can be improved is by teaching it at a young age. This could be done by implementing a new curriculum in sexual educational classes in public schools. It is important that the new curriculum use different language and metaphors to deter from the stereotypical view of the reproduction process. This may at least curb the sexual bias of this subject to future generations. This article reveals how scientific language can create misconceptions about the truth about the sperm and the egg. Martin cautions us about metaphors in science. While many of us believe science to be undoubtedly true, bias can be lurking.

Why does Harper Lee choose to tell the story from scouts viewpoint Essays

Why does Harper Lee choose to tell the story from scouts viewpoint Essays Why does Harper Lee choose to tell the story from scouts viewpoint Paper Why does Harper Lee choose to tell the story from scouts viewpoint Paper Essay Topic: Left To Tell Literature Harper Lee chooses to tell the story from scouts viewpoint because it allows the readers to see Scout mature and grow as the narrator and as a person. During the novel Scout learns many things and as we are viewing the events from her viewpoint we are able to see this more clearly. As Scout has grown up and changed, she can now see how things really were, and she can now begin to understand what happened. She can now see and understand the prejudice that was shown to Tom Robinson, Walter Cunningham, Miss Maudie and even herself. In the Novel Atticus teaches Jem and Scout to be polite, caring kids. He taught them to have great sense of love for their neighbour and told them things that would help them get on in life. Scout was very lucky to have someone to guide her along the way. Although she was faced with the real world, she had lots of people who would willingly explain to her and guide her. Because Harper Lee tells the novel from Scouts perspective we are able to see this more clearly. Also we are able to see Scout mature during the book. She goes from a six-year-old child with little understanding of the real world to a ten year old who has been taught a lot of important lessons at a young age. She had to learn, very quickly, that life would not always be easy and fun this is shown well by having an grown old Scout narrate the novel. In the novel She learns many things that when she was a child she couldnt understand but now that she is older she can understand such as Station when she was younger she didnt really understand the class system as she just thought of everyone as equals. The author, Harper Lee, picked an interesting person to narrate the story. The fact that Harper Lee chose Scout to narrate the story had some advantages and some disadvantages as the story progressed. When Harper Lee uses Scout as the first person, she opens the readers eyes to the way that children think and act. Scout also offers a fair opinion of the affairs of Maycomb, and doesnt dwell on adult matters which would make it boring for the reader. However there are also Some disadvantages of picking Scout for the first person viewpoint, even though she was smart, she didnt really understand what all the fuss was about as she was too young to understand everything that was going on around her. In my opinion Harper Lee the author did an excellent job of making the story easy to understand by using Scout as the narrator. In my opinion by Choosing to tell the story from a childs point of view, it was easier to read between the lines and find the real meaning of what was being said. This was because if Scout didnt understand she could ask someone whereas if the story had been narrated by an adult this would not have been possible. Its when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eight pounds of her. According to her views, she died beholden to nothing and nobody. She was the bravest person I ever knew. This above paragraph speaks about what scout feels the meaning of courage is. There were many people who showed different kinds of courage in the story and even though scout sometimes didnt realise the reader was made aware. Atticus was probably one of the bravest people in the story even though scout and Jem didnt seem to think so. He stood up for a black man who was going against a white man in court. A lot of people disagreed with him, and some went so far as to spit in his face however he carried on against all odds. In the novel Boo Radley was also brave. He risked his own life to save two children that he barely knew. He also faced so much gossip and persecution because of his home life and the way he chose to live. He could have come out any time he wanted to but he didnt, and because he didnt, he suffered for it. Te fact that Boo Radley saved the lives of the children even though he didnt like to go out shows that he has courage and because this is sown through Scouts perspective his courage is shown more. We then begin to hear about how Tom Robinson, a black man, has been accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman, and how everyone is saying that Atticus defends Negroes. The plot then goes on to explain about the trial and what happens afterwards, but we dont hear about Boo Radley until Halloween. When the kids are attacked, that is when the two plots combine. Boo Radley fights Mr. Ewell and carries Jem home. Scout figures out what happens and realizes who he is. Their game of Making Boo Radley Come Out has finally succeeded the fact that the above is all written from Scouts point of view makes it more effective. Also when Harper Lee wrote the book, she made the entire book like a flashback. She began the story as a reminiscence about her brothers broken arm. By making the entire story a flashback, she could add funny stories and still keeping the story line. . When Lee uses foreshadowing to tell what is going to come, she makes you wonder what is going to happen next. Irony is one of the biggest elements in this story. An ironic moment is when the children spend an entire summer trying to get Boo outside, and when he does come out (of his own accord), its to save them. Irony is important to the story because the theme of the book is ironic in itself. In the novel the childrens relation to Atticus starts out as a child-father relationship. But as the story progresses, they begin to see what a great man he is. They realized that by defending Tom Robinson, he was doing something that no other man would do, not for the glory, but because it was the right thing to do. The children and Boos relationship is probably the most interesting one in the book and is shown well from scouts perspective. It goes from an obsession to an unconditional love. When Boo saves the childrens lives, he proves that he is not scary as they had first thought. They realize that Boo was the one giving them little trinkets in the tree, and they realize that he was the one who folded Jems pants and left them on the fence. Boo cared for the children, even though he barely knew them. He showed an unconditional love that most adults would not show. He was so kind that he risked his life for the children, and that is why Scout grows to understand and care for him because he is the opposite to what they thought he was. I think that Harper lee chose to write the novel from scouts perspective because it gave the reader an added insight into the story and the events of Maycomb. It was good to write it in such a way because even though scout was young she was unusually clever and easily able to grasp what was going on around her and she always acted with the best intentions and didnt care about social class, she was a tomboy in Maycomb which would have been very unusual. Also by writing in this way the story became easier to understand and perhaps more interesting as scout was used as the narrator. Also because of this we can quickly realizes when reading To Kill a Mockingbird that Scout is who she is because of the way Atticus has raised her. While most girls in Scouts position would be wearing dresses and learning manners, Scout, thanks to Atticuss hands-off parenting style, wears overalls and learns to climb trees with Jem and Dill. She does not always grasp social workings this is shown when she tells her teacher that one of her fellow students is too poor to pay her back for lunch, and human behaviour often confuses her, when one of her teachers criticizes Hitlers prejudice against Jews while indulging in her own prejudice against blacks she cant understand it. Atticuss protection of Scout from social pressure has made her forthright and well meaning.

Henri Becquerel and the Discovery of Radioactivity

Henri Becquerel and the Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine Henri Becquerel (born December 15, 1852 in Paris, France), known as Henri Becquerel, was a French physicist who discovered radioactivity, a process in which an atomic nucleus emits particles because it is unstable. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie, the latter of whom was Becquerel’s graduate student. The SI unit for radioactivity called the becquerel (or Bq), which measures the amount of ionizing radiation that is released when an atom experiences radioactive decay, is also named after Becquerel. Early Life and Career Becquerel was born December 15, 1852, in Paris, France, to Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel and Aurelie Quenard. At an early age, Becquerel attended the preparatory school Lycà ©e Louis-le-Grand, located in Paris. In 1872, Becquerel began attending the École Polytechnique and in 1874 the École des Ponts et Chaussà ©es (Bridges and Highways School), where he studied civil engineering. In 1877, Becquerel became an engineer for the government in the Department of Bridges and Highways, where he was promoted to engineer-in-chief in 1894.  At the same time, Becquerel continued his education and held a number of academic positions. In 1876, he became an assistant teacher at the École Polytechnique, later becoming the school’s chair of physics in 1895. In 1878, Becquerel became an assistant naturalist at the Musà ©um d’Histoire Naturelle, and later became the professor of applied physics at the Musà ©um in 1892, after his father’s death. Becquerel was the third in his family to succeed this position. Becquerel received his doctorate from the Facultà © des Sciences de Paris with a thesis on plane-polarized light- the effect utilized in Polaroid sunglasses, in which light of only one direction is made to pass through a material- and the absorption of light by crystals. Discovering Radiation Becquerel was interested in phosphorescence; the effect utilized in glow-in-the-dark stars, in which light is emitted from a material when exposed to electromagnetic radiation, which persists as a glow even after the radiation is removed. Following Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen’s discovery of X-rays in 1895, Becquerel wanted to see whether there was a connection between this invisible radiation and phosphorescence. Becquerel’s father had also been a physicist and from his work, Becquerel knew that uranium generates phosphorescence. On February 24, 1896, Becquerel presented work at a conference showing that a uranium-based crystal could emit radiation after being exposed to sunlight. He had placed the crystals on a photographic plate that had been wrapped in thick black paper so that only radiation that could penetrate through the paper would be visible on the plate. After developing the plate, Becquerel saw a shadow of the crystal, indicating that he had generated radiation like X-rays, which could penetrate through the human body. This experiment formed the basis of Henri Becquerel’s discovery of spontaneous radiation, which occurred by accident. Becquerel had planned to confirm his previous results with similar experiments exposing his samples to sunlight. However, that week in February, the sky above Paris was cloudy, and Becquerel stopped his experiment early, leaving his samples in a drawer as he waited for a sunny day. Becquerel did not have time before his next conference on March 2 and decided to develop the photographic plates anyway, even though his samples had received little sunlight. To his surprise, he found that he still saw the image of the uranium-based crystal on the plate. He presented these results on March 2 and continued to present results on his findings. He tested other fluorescent materials, but they did not produce similar results, indicating that this radiation was particular to uranium. He assumed that this radiation was different from X-rays and termed it â€Å"Becquerel radiation.† Becquerel’s findings would lead to Marie and Pierre Curie’s discovery of other substances like polonium and radium, which emitted similar radiation, albeit even more strongly than uranium. The couple coined the term â€Å"radioactivity† to describe the phenomenon. Becquerel won half of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity, sharing the prize with the Curies. Family and Personal Life In 1877, Becquerel married Lucie Zoà © Marie Jamin, the daughter of another French physicist. However, she died the following year while giving birth to the couple’s son, Jean Becquerel. In 1890, he married Louise Dà ©sirà ©e Lorieux. Becquerel came from a lineage of distinguished scientists, and his family contributed greatly to the French scientific community over four generations. His father is credited with discovering the photovoltaic effect- a phenomenon, important for the operation of solar cells, wherein a material produces electrical current and voltage when exposed to light. His grandfather Antoine Cà ©sar Becquerel was a well-regarded scientist in the area of electrochemistry, a field important for developing batteries that studies the relationships between electricity and chemical reactions. Becquerel’s son, Jean Becquerel, also made strides in studying crystals, particularly their magnetic and optical properties. Honors and Awards For his scientific work, Becquerel earned several awards throughout his lifetime, including the Rumford Medal in 1900 and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, which he shared with Marie and Pierre Curie. Several discoveries have also been named after Becquerel, including a crater called â€Å"Becquerel† both on the moon and Mars and a mineral called â€Å"Becquerelite† which contains a high percentage of uranium by weight. The SI unit for radioactivity, which measures the amount of ionizing radiation that is released when an atom experiences radioactive decay, is also named after Becquerel: its called the becquerel (or Bq). Death and Legacy Becquerel died from a heart attack on August 25, 1908, in Le Croisic, France. He was 55 years old. Today, Becquerel is remembered for discovering radioactivity, a process by which an unstable nucleus emits particles. Although radioactivity can be harmful to humans, it has many applications around the world, including the sterilization of food and medical instruments and the generation of electricity. Sources Allisy, A. â€Å"Henri Becquerel: The Discovery of Radioactivity.† Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 68, no. 1/2, 1 Nov. 1996, pp. 3–10.Badash, Lawrence. â€Å"Henri Becquerel.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 21 Aug. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Becquerel.â€Å"Becquerel (Bq).† United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission - Protecting People and the Environment, www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/becquerel-bq.html.â€Å"Henri Becquerel – Biographical.† The Nobel Prize, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1903/becquerel/biographical/.Sekiya, Masaru, and Michio Yamasaki. â€Å"Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852–1908): A Scientist Who Endeavored to Discover Natural Radioactivity.† Radiological Physics and Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, 16 Oct. 2014, pp. 1–3., doi:10.1007/s12194-014-0292-z.â€Å"Uses of Radioactivity/Radiation.† NDT Resource Center; www.nde-ed.org/EducationResou rces/HighSchool/Radiography/usesradioactivity.htm

Elements of Products in Business and Services Context Assignment

Elements of Products in Business and Services Context - Assignment Example In some instances, the cuisines are similar but excellent cooking style by Nutter that brings out the uniqueness in each. In addition, Nutter is innovative and observes trendy and finest local produce for his classic French recipes. From local and external suppliers, Nutter’s restaurants use supplies to serve vegetarian meals, gourmet, business lunch, Sunday lunch, afternoon tea, desserts and lunchtime meals. Incorporation of different customers includes businesses, individuals, families, vegetarians, children, and persons of all ages generate a wide client base for the food products. For instance, many across all ages enjoy the food from Nutter’s Restaurant like chips and Fish in the United Kingdom, and offering the best value for customers consistently makes them return for more. Coupled to the restaurants excellent tasting menu is the brand of a renowned UK chef and the two aspects influence customer loyalty hence profitability. Like other hotels and restaurants in the United Kingdom, Nutter’s restaurant seeks to understand its customer and in the best way possible, satisfy their food needs better compared to its competitors. The restaurant then uses target marketing to identify the diverse needs of customers in the UK hotel industry and delivers unique cuisines for such needs. According to the Nutters Restaurant (2014, p. n.p), Nutter’s also offers customers with leading and innovative modern cuisine and both locally and internationally. The international market comes because of Nutter’s demonstrations of cooking expertise in New Zealand, United States of America, Australia, and New Zealand. The restaurant is also keen on psychographic segmentation that involves activities like business events, meetings, interests, and other values. Nutter’s understand that different people have different preferences when it comes to food. As a result, the company is quick to offer food products that embrace buyer perception, motivation, and beliefs and attitudes.  Ã‚  

Human Capital Concept Worksheet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Capital Concept Worksheet - Case Study Example InterClean is acquiring EnviroTech and a number of their workers. This will permit them to expand their internal and outside labor markets the length of with breach the entrance for new workers to be hired into the business. 1. Dreher, G. & Dougherty, T., (2001). Human Resource Strategy. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Retrieved November 23, 2006, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MBA/530-Human Capital Development. http://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.asp David Spencer announced the gaining of EnviroTech, which is one of the main home competitor in the corporate advertise. 60 workers from EnviroTech determination are compound with InterClean workers (Scenario, 2006). Integrating recruitment practices with strategy is a basic technique for prospector firms. InterClean is a main player inside the sanitation scene, future productivity will pivot on satisfying the customers' up-and-coming need for future solution replica (Scenario, 2006). The plan of the corporation is to give the customers with far above the ground excellence foodstuffs. If we analyze then we come to know that HRM implications are a lot of. ... Applications of Organizational Behavior To Management David Spencer announced the gaining of EnviroTech, which is one of the main home competitor in the corporate advertise. 60 workers from EnviroTech determination are compound with InterClean workers (Scenario, 2006). Integrating recruitment practices with strategy is a basic technique for prospector firms. InterClean is a main player inside the sanitation scene, future productivity will pivot on satisfying the customers' up-and-coming need for future solution replica (Scenario, 2006). The plan of the corporation is to give the customers with far above the ground excellence foodstuffs. 1. Scenario, (2006). InterClean, Inc. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from University of Phoenix HRM Implications If we analyze then we come to know that HRM implications are a lot of. The need for alter and the dream for the new corporation must be methodically communicate. Compensation, reimbursement, and preparation systems must be included and deploy in a way that will add to new managerial objectives (HRM strategy, 2001). Communication is the main key in any modify. Factors and matters connected with effective strategy expansion in human resources. Company official to HR staff, Training and growth budget is tight. The novel hires have to need negligible compass reading. Train managers to put into practice the changes. The HR policies be supposed to be updated to bring into line with the new course of the association (scenario, 2006). Compliance will be a main issue that must be addressed. The sales employees need to be cultured on fulfillment issues (Scenario, 2006). Training and employees growth is a main issue within Human Resources. "Computerized ability

Performance Based Budgeting - management systems and techniques Term Paper

Performance Based Budgeting - management systems and techniques - Term Paper Example The requirements include procurement charges, maintenance charges, leisure and retreat activities. Once the budget is formulated and implemented only minor adjustment can be included in the budgets. According to Segal & Summers (2002) this type of budgeting has been used by organizations to ensure that they operate within a specific financial circle. However, budgeting tactics have advanced over the years as units are subjected to high costs of survival. Knaap (2007) argues that the modern cooperate environment does not provide room for an organization to finalize its budgeting at the beginning of a financial year. The author further argues that the specification of a finalized budget does not provide room for innovation and new operational strategies. It is advisable that units have budget specifications that allow for adjustment in case of emergencies without having a major impact to the unit. Financial analyst argue that performance based budgeting is the most significant trend th at budgeting has undergone. Performance based budgeting is a budgeting process based on missions, goals and objectives. PBB is a defined by an organization short term goals. According to Marc (2007) before setting aside funds, the objectives should be set aside. This budgeting is based on the question why should we spend, is what we spend worth the project and is the objective being met by the financial allocations we make. Generally, performance based budgeting is result oriented. Every single financial allocation is aimed at achieving a specific objective. Each objective budgeted for is directed towards achieving the long and short term goals of an organization. Due to the tightened financial crisis performance based budgeting has been the most budgeting method most organizations use. Analysts argue that performance based budgets are more accurate when compared to other budgeting tactics. According to Marc (2007)

Audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy

Audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy Tables Table 1:Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine  pregnant woman 18 Table 2:Syphilis screening results of eleven new-borns of  positive syphilis mother 24 Table 3: Positive syphilis confirmatory test results for sixteen  pregnant woman 30 Figures Figure 1: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening  for mothers 28 Figure 2: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening  for new-borns 28 Tables Table 1: Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine pregnant woman 18 Table 2: Syphilis screening results of eleven new-borns of positive syphilis mothers 24 Table 3: Positive syphilis confirmatory test results for sixteen pregnant woman 30 Figures Figure 1: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening for mothers Figure 2: The laboratory turnaround time of syphilis screening for new-borns ABSTRACT Objective: A re-audit of syphilis screening in pregnancy was carried out to ensure that the improvements in laboratory and clinical aspects of management for the antenatalof pregnant women with positive syphilis screening and their new-born babies fully met were in accordance with the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Guidelines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013). Methods: Patients’ data were collected via query of the three databases: Clinisys Labcentre, Telepath and EuroKing. The n the data were analysed using Microsoft Access 2013. Results: Samples from Forty nine49 pregnant woman with positive syphilis results serology were referred to a reference laboratory laboratory were sent to MRI for syphilis serological confirmatory testing. Sixteen pregnant woman with of these women were confirmed to have had had positive syphilis were identified. Ten pregnant woman were re-tested screened at least twice during their pregnancy and six pregnant woman were only screened tested once during pregnancy. Over-testing of for treponemal IgM were seen in nineteen patients[h1] with non-reactive RPR titre. Only eleven babies born to mothers with syphilis were followed-up with serial serological tests for syphilis. Only four new-borns were fully screened. Some of the new-borns were not tested with treponemal IgM due to sample insufficiency. Conclusion: There were some improvements seen since the first audit which includes the changes of the confirmatory testing schedule in MRI, lower screening false positive rate, and increased follow-up of the new-borns. There were also things to improve in the management of syphilis in pregnancy and the new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. Treponemal IgM test should be performed only when the RPR test were reactive to prevent over-testing of patients. The test algorithm for screening of syphilis in new-borns should give priority to RPR test and treponemal IgM to prevent under-testing[h2]. In-house confirmatory testing should be considered to allow reduction of test turnaround time’s thereby aiding patient management.Improvements[h3] should be made in the management of syphilis in pregnancy and the new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. Treponemal IgM test should be performed only when the RPR test were reactive to prevent over-testing of patients. The test algorithm for screening of sy philis in new-borns should give priority to RPR test and treponemal IgM to prevent under-testing[h4]. 1.0  INTRODUCTION 1.1  Syphilis Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum (T.pallidum) subspecies pallidum. The disease is transmitted from human to human, and humans are its only known natural host (Woods 2005). Epidemiologically, in the UK, cases of syphilis have increased in England since 1997 led by a series of outbreaks reported from Manchester, London and Brighton (Health Protection Agency 2009). Since 1999, diagnoses of infectious syphilis have been made in heterosexuals where the outbreaks are linked to sex work, students and young people. But, there was a changing pattern of infection between 1999 and 2008, when seventy three percent of new diagnoses of infectious syphilis were reported in men who have sex with men (Health Protection Agency 2009). The transmission is primarily by sexual activity (Zeltser Kurban 2004) (vaginal and anal intercourse) and by direct contact with active primary or secondary lesions (Lafond Lukehart 2006) for example through oral sex and kissing at or near an infectious lesion (Kent Romanelli 2008). T.pallidum may invade the host through normal mucosal membranes and also through minor abrasions in the skin (Zeltser Kurban 2004) such as from sexual trauma, causing an inflammation, ulcer and then spreading through the blood stream to other parts of the body (Goh 2005). 1.2  Syphilis in Pregnancy Mothers with untreated syphilis may seriously complicate their pregnancy. Vertical transmission of T.pallidum across the placenta (Singh Romanowski 1999) can occur at any time during pregnancy (Vaules et al., 2000; Oswal Lyons 2008), this leads to wide dissemination of the spirochete in the fetus (Woods 2005). Fetal infection resulting in spontaneous abortion, still-birth, premature delivery, non-immune hydrops fetalis and also congenital infection (Singh Romanowski 1999; Vaules et al., 2000; Ledger 2000). Vertical transmission may occur at any stage of syphilis infection. However, the transmission is more common in mothers with primary and secondary stage of syphilis (Singh Romanowski 1999; Vaules et al., 2000; Oswal Lyons 2008) as the risk of transmission depends on the levels of spirochaetemia which are higher in these stages compared to other stages (Vaules et al., 2000). Syphilis may also be transmitted during birth by contact of the new born with the mother’s genita l lesion (Ledger 2000; Berman 2004). 1.3  Congenital Syphilis Signs of infection for early congenital syphilis may appear within the first two years of the infant’s life with clinical manifestations include hepatosplenomegaly, rash, fever, and signs of neurosyphilis, especially bulging fontanel, seizures, and cranial nerve palsies (Mattei et al., 2012; De Santis et al., 2012). As for late congenital syphilis, the sign of infection may only be seen over the first two decades with clinical manifestations such as frontal bossing, nasal cartilage destruction, and dental abnormalities (Mattei et al., 2012; De Santis et al., 2012). Congenital syphilis leads to multiple organ infection because of the widespread haematogenous dissemination (De Santis et al., 2012) that will further cause death in the fetus or new born. However, the disease is almost preventable if mothers with syphilis are treated early in pregnancy (Walker Walker 2007). 1.4  Serologic Test Diagnosis of syphilis is made based on clinical signs and symptoms, microscopic examination and serologic tests (Little 2005). Two types of serologic testing were available; non-treponemal specific tests and treponemal specific tests (Clyne Jerrard 2000). Non-treponemal tests are widely used for testing and screening for syphilis as they are rapid, simple and inexpensive (Ratnam 2005). The example of  non-treponemal tests include the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test (Kent Romanelli 2008). Due to the rate of false-positive results which present in about one to two percent for these tests, the positive results have to be confirmed by sets of treponemal-specific tests such as the T.pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) test, T.pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) test and treponemal enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test (Kent Romanelli 2008). 1.4.1  Antenatal Screening The detection and treatment of infectious syphilis are extremely important in preventing congenital syphilis (Chakraborty Luck 2007; Simms Broutet 2008). An effective antenatal screening programme can have a huge impact in the way of managing both mother and baby. All pregnant women should be screened for syphilis at their first antenatal appointment (French et al., 2009) and the test should be repeated early in the third trimester (Goh Thornton 2007). Also, all infants born to seropositive mothers should be examined at birth and at monthly intervals for three months until it is confirmed that serological tests are and remain negative (Oswal Lyons 2008). The primary screening tests recommended (Kingston et al., 2008) are either treponemal EIA or TPPA/TPHA. If the screening test is positive, it must be confirmed by either one of the opposite tests. VDRL or RPR will be performed when the confirmatory test gives positive results (Kingston et al., 2008). 1.5  Audit on Diagnostics of Syphilis in Pregnancy The diagnosis of infectious syphilis in women in the UK increased between 1999 and 2007. The increase of syphilis cases in women has also led to the re-emergence of congenital syphilis in the UK which may suggest sub-optimal management of patients with syphilis (Health Protection Agency 2009). In 2011, an audit on diagnosis of syphilis in pregnancy was performed at the Pennine Acute NHS Trust (PAHT) to ensure the syphilis screening in pregnant women and also the serological diagnostic of their new-born babies followed the UK standard for Microbiology Investigations in Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis which were introduced by Public Health England in 2007 (Public Health England 2014b). The purpose of introducing the standard was to assure equivalence in the investigation strategies in different laboratories across the UK (Public Health England 2014b). The audit reveals the concerns about the delays in syphilis confirmations and insufficient follow-up for new-borns of positive syphilis mothers. At least eighteen percent of positive syphilis cases took more than one month for confirmation and the turnaround time for eleven percent of the syphilis screening cases out of forty five cases took more than one week. It is also found that there was inconsistency in performing treponemal IgM test where fifty three percent of cases (twenty four cases out of forty five cases) were not tested for treponemal IgM. For the management of neonates, only four new-borns were followed-up and among four new-borns, only one have been followed up according to the guidelines. Recommendations made from the audit includes the improvement of time to confirmation of specimens, changes of confirmation test by using treponemal IgM to all pregnant woman, referral of all pregnant woman with inconclusive syphilis confirmation to Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) clinic and management of new-borns where follow-up should be completed according to the guidelines provided (Vladana et al., 2011). 1.6  Re-audit of Syphilis Screening in Pregnancy A re-audit of syphilis screening in pregnancy at the PAHT was performed to discover if changes made after the first audit recommendations have led to the improvement of services. The re-audit was carried out three years after the first audit done in 2011. The re-audit aimed to ensure that the improvements in laboratory and clinical aspects of management for the antenatal women with positive syphilis screening and their new-born babies were in accordance with the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Guidelines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013). 2.0  METHODOLOGY 2.1  Background The PAHT comprises four major district general hospitals; North Manchester General, Fairfield General Hospital, Rochdale Infirmary and The Royal Oldham. Some 12,000 women annually present for antenatal care. Women usually attend for antenatal care at one of three antenatal clinics or one of several General Practice Clinics within the community. In the UK antenatal infectious disease screening is usually performed at three months gestation (http://www.screening.nhs.uk/). Women are offered screening for rubella immunity, hepatitis B virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection and T.pallidum (syphilis) infection. Among 12,000 women screened within the PAHT in the period 1st January 2013 to 31st December 2013, a series of forty nine pregnant woman with positive syphilis serology were identified. To determine whether syphilis screening and follow up care of babies born to these mothers followed the UK Guidelines of the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) and the Gui delines for the Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period (Stringer et al., 2013), a retrospective study was performed. 2.2  Diagnosis of Syphilis Pathway Patients’ blood sample was collected with informed consent at the antenatal clinic and laboratory test requests were made. The patients’ information was recorded in the maternity information system database; â€Å"EuroKing† (Euroking, Chertsey, Surrey, UK). Samples were transported to The Royal Oldham Hospital (TROH) microbiology laboratory via the hospital transport system to be tested. Patient demographic information was recorded in the laboratory data system Clinisys Labcentre (Clinisys, Chertsey, Surrey, UK). If the syphilis screening test was negative, a report was generated and then posted to the antenatal clinics where the sample came from. If the syphilis screening test was positive, the sample was sent to a reference laboratory, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership Laboratory at Manchester Royal Infirmary (MRI) for confirmatory testing. Testing at the MRI comprises two treponemal enzyme immunoassay tests for total treponemal antibody; a T.pallidum specific assay (EIA); the T.pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA); the reagin precipitin assay (RPR) and where appropriate a T.pallidum specific IgM enzyme immunoassay (IgM) in accordance with national guidelines (Kingston et al., 2008). These results were recorded in the MRI laboratory database system, (Telepath; CSC Healthcare, Banbury, Oxfordshire, UK) and a printed copy of the patient test results was sent back to TROH microbiology laboratory. The reference laboratory report was transcribed onto the Clinisys Labcentre system and a printed report was generated to be to the antenatal clinics. Finally, the patients’ report received by the antenatal clinics was recorded in the patients’ notes and updated in the EuroKing system. 2.3  Data Collection Data collection for the study was accomplished via query of the three databases: the PAHT laboratory database system, Clinisys Labcentre, the MRI database system, Telepath and the maternity information system database, EuroKing. The data gathered including the patients’ hospital number, NHS number and specimen number, date of birth, the date of sample collection and report, and also the syphilis serology data which includes the patients’ treponemal EIA, TPPA, RPR and treponemal IgM results. The sample collection and sample reported data were obtained to investigate the turnaround time taken for the diagnosis within the laboratory. 2.4  Analysis of Data The laboratory system data was presented as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). All the patients’ data were then imported and assembled in Microsoft Access 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). The data for the forty nine pregnant woman with positive syphilis serology were analysed using Microsoft Access 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Seattle, USA). 2.5  Clinical Audit This was conducted under the Clinical Audit provision of the NHS National Research Ethics Committee (National Research Ethics Service 2008). The work was registered and approved as a Clinical Audit with the Clinical Audit Department of the PAHT. Data analysed was anonymised before release from the Trust to comply with Data Protection Guidelines (Caldicott Committee 1997). The clinical audit used the UK National Guidelines on the Management of Syphilis (Kingston et al., 2008) as a standard. 3.0  RESULTS Fifty positive syphilis serology results were identified from forty nine pregnant woman undergoing routine antenatal infectious disease screening at TROH microbiology laboratory. All specimens were screened with Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay test using the Abbott Architect Syphilis TP Assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA). The fifty specimens were also sent to the Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership Laboratory, MRI which acts as a reference laboratory for syphilis serological confirmatory testing. 3.1  Confirmation Methods by MRI The reference laboratory confirms syphilis screening with two treponemal EIAs, a semi-quantitative TPPA, a semi-quantitative RPR, and where appropriate a T.pallidum specific EIA for IgM antibody in accordance with national guidelines (Kingston et al. 2008). The first treponemal EIA test was the same Abbott Architect Syphilis TP Assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA) used at TROH for syphilis serological testing; the second treponemal EIA test used the DiaSorin Liaison XL System (DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy), the semi-quantitative TPPA was the Serodia TPPA Assay (Fujirebio Diagnostics, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), the semi-quantitative RPR was the Abbott Syfacard – RR card test (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, USA), and the T.pallidum specific EIA for IgM were run using CAPTIA Syphilis-IgM Assay (Trinity Biotech, Ireland, UK). Where necessary, further testing using T.pallidum specific immunoblotting and/or T.pallidum specific polymerase chain reaction testing are also used in confir mation testing. All specimens were confirmed using treponemal EIA, TPPA and RPR but only about twenty nine specimen out of fifty specimen were tested using treponemal IgM. There were seventeen positive screening with syphilis and thirty three negative screening with syphilis. Negative screening was defined by having negative results for either one or both treponemal EIA, TPPA titres of less than 1:80 and RPR titre of less than 1:2; positive results were defined by having positive results for both treponemal EIAs, a TPPA titre of greater than or equal to 1:160, RPR titre greater than or equal to 1:2 and positive results of treponemal IgM (Table 1). Table 1: Syphilis confirmatory test results for forty nine pregnant woman. Patient numbers with symbol â€Å"*† are pregnant woman with positive syphilis results. Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA InterpretationResult 1 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *2 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:320 Negative Negative 3 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 4 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *5 1 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:64 Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:64 Not Done 3 Positive Positive 1:2560 1:8 Not Done Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Result 6 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative *7 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive *8 1 Positive Positive 1:1280 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:2560 1:1 Not Done 9 1 Negative Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 10 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 11 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 2 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done *12 1 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:4 Negative Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:5120 1:4 Not Done Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Interpretation *13 1 Positive Positive 1:640 1:64 Not Done Positive 14 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 15 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 16 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 17 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Negative Negative 18 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 2 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done *19 1 Positive Positive 1:640 Negative Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:1280 Negative Not Done 20 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative Patient Test TEIA1 TEIA2 TPPA RPR IgM EIA Result 21 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative *22 1 Positive Positive 1:640 1:4 Not Done Positive 2 Positive Positive 1:1280 1:4 Not Done 23 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done Negative 24 1 Positive Negative Negative Negative Not Done